redundancy

詳細解釋：

re.dun.dan.cy

n.（名詞）
【複數】 re.dun.dan.cies
The state of being redundant.
過多，過剩：過多的狀態
A superfluity; an excess.
多餘；剩餘
Unnecessary repetition.
贅言，冗長：不必要的重複
Electronics Duplication or repetition of elements in electronic equipment to provide alternative functional channels in case of failure.
【電子學】 超靜定性：電子設備中為提供在出故障時可替換的功能線路而對原件的複製或重複
Repetition of parts or all of a message to circumvent transmission errors.
備份：為避免傳輸錯誤而對信息的部分或全部重複

The usages that critics have condemned as redundancies fall into several classes.In some cases,such asconsensus of opinion, close proximity, hollow tube, and refer back, the use of what is regarded as an unnecessary modifier or qualifier can sometimes be justified on the grounds that it in fact makes a semantic contribution.Thus ahollow tube can be distinguished from one that has been blocked up with deposits, and aconsensus of opinion can be distinguished from a consensus of judgments or practice. In other cases the use of the qualifier is harder to defend.Thus there is no way torevert without reverting back and noconsensus that is not general. · Sometimes recognition of redundancy may require familiarity with a foreign language.The expressionsSierra Mountains and Rio Grande River are indeed redundant for those who know Spanish, but the use of the wordsmountains and river may still serve some purpose when one is addressing an English-speaking audience. Occasionally, what originates as a redundant element may, through long use,become part of the established name of a thing.Thus a reference to the site of a famous World War II battle as .the El Alamein.incorporates three versions of the definite article, in English, Spanish, and Arabic.See Usage Note at close ,consensus ,cross section ,mental telepathy ,rarely ,refer
被評論家指責為冗長和重複的使用方法可分為幾類。在某些情況下，如consensus of opinion,、close proximity、 hollow tube 和 refer back ， 這種不必要修飾或限定語的使用有時也不能完全否定，因為它們從語義上說還是有意義的。因此，一個空管子 可以與被裝填物堵滿的管子相區別， 觀點的一致 可以與判斷力或慣例的一致相區別。 在其它情況下類似修飾語的使用就不那么容易自圓其說了。因此，沒有 reverting back 就沒有辦法 revert ， 沒有 consensus 不是 general。 · 有時辨認出冗餘需要對外語很熟悉。對於懂西班牙語的人來說 Sierra Mountains 和 Rio Grande River 這類說法是重複的， 但當對說英文的人講話時，使用 mountains 和 river 還是有用的。 有時，一個剛產生時是多餘的成份經過長時間使用後，可成為一個物體固定的一部分。因此當提到二戰時叫做.阿拉曼戰役.的著名戰役時，在英文、西班牙語和阿拉伯語中的定冠詞的三種形式取得了一致參見 close,consensus,cross section,mental telepathy,rarely,refer